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Summary

In the context of the Kyoto Agreement, the European Community and individual Member States are looking for cost-effective measures to reduce CO₂ emissions and combat climate change. To this end the European Commission carried out the European Climate Change Programme (ECCP) during which it identified, with stakeholders, cost-effective actions that contribute to CO₂ emission reductions. The ECCP identified residential lighting as an important area. To achieve considerable savings in this sector, a coherent strategy is required to transform the lighting market. To ensure a sustainable growth and use of Compact Fluorescent Lamps we propose to develop valid promotional arguments and implement coherent promotional campaigns; to train endusers in order to achieve a self-sustained CFL use growth. Concerning energy savings from CFLs, by replacing only one additional GLS lamp by one CFL per household a gain of 11 TWh corresponding to 1.2 Mtn of less CO₂ per annum can be achieved. The consortium work is focussed on the better promotion of Compact Fluorescent Lamps for residential use. The main outputs from the project will be the creation of new European CFL-Quality Charter, the design of attractive CFL promotional campaigns, the creation of CFL quality criteria and comprehensive databases.

Results

National initiatives concerning CFL promotion campaigns, accompanied with inciting measures in various countries, shown that it is possible to increase the number of CFLs in households. Our objective in EnERLIn is to provide a coordinated promotion campaign in European level that may lead to an increase of 50% of the number of CFLs per household in the participating countries. Even in the case that, in average, every household in European Union replace one additional 75 W GLS by a 15 W CFL the energy gains are really considerable: Power difference between the two lamp types is 60 W, in average, a lamp in house operates around 2 500 h per annum (it depends on the geographical situation and also on the room type that the lamp is installed), under these conditions the energy gain per household is in the order of 150 kWh. Assuming that there is 150 million households in Europe the energy economy by replacing only one lamp is in the order of 22.5 TWh or 4 MTEP (1 MWh of electrical power is taken to be equal of 0,285 TEP € Tonne Equivalent Petrol). To that it should be add that a good quality CFL displays a lifetime higher than 10 000 h instead of 2 000 h for a GLS.

An important task in the frame of EnERLIn is to understand why end-user avoid (or dislikes) CFLs for residential use. After compiling various information coming from different countries we established the following list of barriers:

• Consumer dislikes classic CFL shapes, and, CFLs misfit often to €design€ luminaries
• Consumer dislikes colour temperature and rendering of CFLs
• Good quality CFLs are still expensive, and, inexpensive CFLs aren't reliable
• Return time is short but €diluted€ and directly observable
• Plug and Play CFLs aren't dimmable
• Consumer need all light instantaneously but CFLs need time to warm-up
• CFL dislikes rapid (or random) ON-OFF cycle and is incompatible with presence detectors
• CFL power supply dislikes mains voltage fluctuations

Analysis of possible barriers to implement CFL's has been carried out in order to understand the human mechanism regarding willingness and avoidance to implement CFL. The result showed that around 30% households do not want to have CFL's in their home and that reasons for not having CFL's are many.

From an analysis of the marked data concerning sales of CFL from the main lighting equipment importers it is possible to see a constant growth in sales. In year 1999 in Latvia have been sold 0,03 million CFL-i, while in year 2005 the number raised to 0,41 million. To our opinion that this fast increase, in particular between 2001-2004 (see figure in the case study) of sales is both directly and indirectly linked to CFL-promotion campaigns. In the last year, from mid of 2004 to beginning of 2006 the sales of the 3-bigs have registered stagnation.

Information concerning general market in Europe and worldwide is also collected. As example the graph in the case study are obtained from Lighting industry passing through the EU-COST-529 "Efficient Lighting for the 21st century" network illustrate the market penetration of various type of light sources for general lighting.

In Sweden the average installed power for lighting is in the order of 1480 kW per household. The following graphics show the relative weight of lighting consumption by household during each hour of the weekday.

Lessons learned and repeatability

• A first tool for estimating energy consumption due to lighting in the residential sector is established and used to predict the impact of various scenarios in the horizon of 2030. It has been shown that convincing end-user to use more good quality CFLs instead of classic bulbs may lead to 21% energy gains associated to a 13% increase of available light compared to 2006 situation. In the opposite, if nothing achieved in that direction, the energy consumption for lighting will increase by 24% for (only) 11% more light€
• The consortium identified some reasons that today refrain consumers from CFL use in residential sector: Consumer dislikes classic CFL shapes, and, CFLs misfit often to "design" luminaries; Consumer dislikes colour temperature and rendering of CFLs; Good quality CFLs are still expensive, and, inexpensive CFLs aren€t reliable; Return time is short but "diluted" and directly observable; Most of Plug and Play CFLs aren€t dimmable; Consumer need all light instantaneously but CFLs need time to warm-up; CFL dislikes rapid (or random) ON-OFF cycle and is incompatible with presence detectors; CFL power supply dislikes mains voltage fluctuations
• End-user is very regarding on CFL-Quality. Low quality devices "pollute" the market and seriously impede the increase of market penetration of that energy efficient technology. A systematic CFL-quality control is imposed in EU level following a well-defined unique testing protocol and associated with readable and compulsory labelling.
• There is a significant lack of knowledge and data on the penetration and the trends in use of various lighting technologies in households. This is especially true in Eastern European countries, therefore it is difficult to clearly articulate what we would like to achieve with a campaign and whom exactly we could target in order to increase efficient light sources penetration.

EnERLIn project - European Efficient Residential Lighting Initiative - is funded by Intelligent Energy - Europe (IEE) - SAVE, ALTENER, STEER and Horizontal Key Actions - Type 1 Actions.